Traceability of substantive relief to contractual powers irrespective of the specific clause invoked

dictates that an arbitral tribunal does not act without jurisdiction merely because a claim is formally grounded under one contractual provision while the entitlement or power to grant relief is sourced from another related clause. In modern arbitral jurisprudence, substance must prevail over procedural form, and where an agreement conjointly read empowers the tribunal to award compensation—such as idle time charges incurred due to delayed possession or interruptions—the award cannot be invalidated as patently illegal merely because the party or tribunal misidentified or blended specific contractual clauses. If the authority to grant monetary compensation is legitimately traceable to the four corners of the contract upon a harmonious reading of its terms, the arbitral award remains fully compliant with the contractual bargain, rendering any judicial intervention under Sections 34 or 37 wholly impermissible and misconceived. (Jan De Nul Dredging India Pvt. Ltd. Vs Tuticorin Port Trust | 2026 INSC 34)