Strict threshold for establishing patent illegality on the face of the arbitral award

requires a clear showing of an egregious legal error apparent on the face of the record, rather than a mere misapplication of law or minor procedural irregularity. A contravention of the substantive laws of India, by itself, no longer constitutes an available ground to establish patent illegality under the statutory framework. Patent illegality is typically established where the arbitral tribunal renders an unreasoned or non-speaking award where reasons are mandated, or where the decision goes to the very root of the dispute by disregarding substantive statutory provisions or acting completely contrary to the terms of the agreement. When an arbitral tribunal delivers a speaking award supported by cogent, logical, and intelligible reasons interpreting the governing contract, the high threshold of patent illegality cannot be said to be met, and the courts cannot interfere in the absence of a demonstrable violation of the fundamental policy of Indian law or the basic notions of morality and justice. (Jan De Nul Dredging India Pvt. Ltd. Vs Tuticorin Port Trust | 2026 INSC 34)