Absence strong proof motive fatal prosecution case direct credible dying declaration establishes guilt

In criminal prosecutions resting on direct evidence or a credible, trustworthy dying declaration, the failure of the prosecution to establish a strong motive with mathematical precision is not fatal to the case. Motive assumes primary significance predominantly in cases dependent entirely on circumstantial evidence. Where persistent matrimonial discord, verbal abuse, and humiliation are established through surrounding circumstances and explicit recitals in the victim's dying declaration, sufficient background exists to support the prosecution version and satisfy the judicial conscience regarding guilt beyond reasonable doubt. (State of Himachal Pradesh v. Chaman Lal | 2026 INSC 57)